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Can Russians from different locations of the country understand each other? Russian and Church Slavonic with some Old Russian vocabulary. "We also have to understand that it's extraordinarily threatening to Russia to have such a big military alliance that's armed to the teeth so close to the Russian border [editor's note: if NATO were to expand]." [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [490] However, Russia's historically high alcohol consumption rate is the biggest health issue in the country,[491] as it remains one of the world's highest, despite a stark decrease in the last decade. [534] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. [449] Russian is one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station,[450] as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [98], In 1914, Russia entered World WarI in response to Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Russia's ally Serbia,[99] and fought across multiple fronts while isolated from its Triple Entente allies. [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [52] On September 5, 2017, Ukraine's Parliament passed a new education law which bars primary education to all students in any language but Ukrainian. [156], From 1985 onwards, the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who sought to enact liberal reforms in the Soviet system, introduced the policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to end the period of economic stagnation and to democratise the government. [71] Nevertheless, the Turkmen state press and newspaper Neytralny Turkmenistan regularly publish material version in Russian-language, and there are schools like Joint Turkmen-Russian Secondary School. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. [93] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game. However, with the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia's monarchic rule was abolished and replaced by the Russian SFSRthe world's first constitutionally socialist state. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally After 1917, Marxist linguists had no interest in the multiplicity of peasant dialects and regarded their language as a relic of the rapidly disappearing past that was not worthy of scholarly attention. [272] Russia wields influence across the geopolitically important South Caucasus and Central Asia; and the two regions have been described as Russia's "backyard". The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. Verbs of motion in Russian such as 'go', 'walk', 'run', 'swim', and 'fly' use the imperfective or perfective form to indicate a single or return trip, and also use a multitude of prefixes to add shades of meaning to the verb. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [174] The 1990s were plagued by armed conflicts in the North Caucasus, both local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections. [citation needed], During the Proto-Slavic (Common Slavic) times all Slavs spoke one mutually intelligible language or group of dialects. [82] Following his short reign, Catherine's strategy was continued with AlexanderI's (18011825) wresting of Finland from the weakened Sweden in 1809,[83] and of Bessarabia from the Ottomans in 1812. ? (. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorers, developing into the Russian Empire, which remains the third-largest empire in history. 1. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see this how-to page. [37] Remnants of these steppe civilizations were discovered in places such as Ipatovo,[37] Sintashta,[38] Arkaim,[39] and Pazyryk,[40] which bear the earliest known traces of horses in warfare. All this formed the climate for the Russian Revolution of 1917, carried out in two major acts. [55] Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky sacked Kiev in 1169 and made Vladimir his base,[55] leading to political power being shifted to the north-east. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. Once an underdeveloped, peasant society, Russia underwent an intense centrally Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[265] the EAEU,[266] the CSTO,[267] the SCO,[268] and BRICS. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. Judicial Power | The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Putin strongly backed in controversial Russian reform vote", "Russia & Democratic Backsliding: The Future of Putinism", "Russia on the road to dictatorship: Internal political repercussions of the attack on Ukraine", "Digitalization management system of Russia's federal cities focused on prospective application throughout the country", "What is the Collective Security Treaty Organisation? [483], Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. [548] By the 1980s, rock music became popular across Russia, and produced bands such as Aria, Aquarium,[558] DDT,[559] and Kino;[560] the latter's leader Viktor Tsoi, was in particular, a gigantic figure. Therefore, the Russian language is the seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi-Urdu, Spanish, French, Arabic and Portuguese. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. Russian nouns each have a gender either feminine, masculine, or neuter, chiefly indicated by spelling at the end of the word. [44], The destruction of Kievan Rus' saw the eventual rise of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, initially a part of Vladimir-Suzdal. [citation needed], All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF-8. [641][642], Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. [437] Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened,[438] as the country has faced a renewed brain drain and human capital flight caused by Western mass-sanctions and boycotts. [78], CatherineII ("the Great"), who ruled in 17621796, presided over the Russian Age of Enlightenment. [590] Leon Trotsky, on the other hand, founded Trotskyism. [407][408], Roscosmos is Russia's national space agency. Its population of about 141.7 million includes well over 100 ethnic groups, though the majority are ethnic Russians. [citation needed], In terms of actual grammar, there are three tenses in Russian past, present, and future and each verb has two aspects (perfective and imperfective). [232][233], Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. . . Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis", "Population density (people per sq. ", "The Constitution of the Russian Federation", "Chapter 5. [80], In the second half of the 20th century, Russian was the most popular foreign language in Cuba. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, who were a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Political circumstances and Soviet accomplishments in military, scientific, and technological matters (especially cosmonautics), gave Russian a worldwide prestige, especially during the mid-20th century. [77], In Vietnam, Russian has been added in the elementary curriculum along with Chinese and Japanese and were named as "first foreign languages" for Vietnamese students to learn, on equal footing with English. The federal subjects have equal representationtwo delegates eachin the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Moscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [519] Maslenitsa is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday. [46], By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the compulsory education system that was established by the Soviet government. 44,000 entries lexically grouped; attempt to catalogue the full vernacular language. [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. [275] Russia's relations with neighboring Ukraine and the Western worldespecially the United States, the European Union, and NATOhave collapsed; especially following the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 and the consequent escalation in 2022. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [119] The transitional disorganisation of the country's agriculture, combined with the harsh state policies and a drought,[120] led to the Soviet famine of 19321933; which killed up to 8.7 million, 3.3 million of them in the Russian SFSR. 2 mins. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. [98] Following the break-up of the USSR in 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national discourse throughout the region has continued. [92], The Russian alphabet has many systems of character encoding. [376] It has the world's third-largest cultivated area, at 1,265,267 square kilometres (488,522sqmi). See also Russian language in Israel. It also produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. [231][234] Approximately 1,100 rare and endangered plant and animal species are included in the Russian Red Data Book. The standard language is used in written and spoken form almost everywhere in the country, from Kaliningrad and Saint Petersburg in the West to Vladivostok and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in the East, the enormous distance between notwithstanding. [269], Russia maintains close relations with neighbouring Belarus, which is a part of the Union State, a supranational confederation of the two states. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [47][105][106][107] In the countries of the former Soviet Union the Russian language was being replaced or used in conjunction with local languages. The dialects show various non-standard grammatical features,[94] some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms since discarded by the literary language. [f][211] Russia lies between latitudes 41 and 82 N, and longitudes 19 E and 169 W, extending some 9,000km (5,600mi) east to west, and 2,500 to 4,000km (1,600 to 2,500mi) north to south. Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [132] Subsequently, the Germans were dealt major defeats first at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 19421943,[133] and then in the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. [70], In Tajikistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication under the Constitution of Tajikistan and is permitted in official documentation. [394] Zhores Alferov contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. Belarusian , , or Polish , d). Eventually Joseph Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, managed to suppress all opposition factions and consolidate power in his hands to become the country's dictator by the 1930s. [503] The nation has also made pioneering contributions to science and technology and space exploration. In China, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. [398] Ivan Pavlov is known chiefly for his work in classical conditioning. [114] Leon Trotsky, the main proponent of world revolution, was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1929,[115] and Stalin's idea of Socialism in One Country became the official line. [162] In August 1991, a coup d'tat attempt by members of Gorbachev's government, directed against Gorbachev and aimed at preserving the Soviet Union, instead led to the end of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [7] As of 2021[update], the military have around a million active-duty personnel, which is the world's fifth-largest, and about 220 million reserve personnel. However, starting January 2019 Cuban television opened an educational program devoted to the Russian language. [citation needed], The political reforms of Peter the Great ( , Pytr Velky) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. [57], Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of 12371240, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. [400], Nikolai Vavilov was best known for having identified the centres of origin of cultivated plants. [412], In 1957, Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard Sputnik 2. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. [28], The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia. [618][619] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. Summary by language size. [63] 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. [405] George Gamow was one of the foremost advocates of the Big Bang theory. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. Great ranges of temperature are typical. The rule of the new authorities only aggravated the crisis in the country instead of resolving it, and eventually, the October Revolution, led by Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, overthrew the Provisional Government and gave full governing power to the Soviets, leading to the creation of the world's first socialist state. [122], The Soviet Union entered World War II on 17 September 1939 with its invasion of Poland,[123] in accordance with a secret protocol within the MolotovRibbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany. WebOn This Day. [166] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. [46] The Khazars, who were of Turkic origin, ruled the steppes between the Caucasus in the south, to the east past the Volga river basin, and west as far as Kyiv on the Dnieper river until the 10th century. [213], Russia has nine major mountain ranges, and they are found along the southernmost regions, which share a significant portion of the Caucasus Mountains (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642m (18,510ft) is the highest peak in Russia and Europe);[7] the Altai and Sayan Mountains in Siberia; and in the East Siberian Mountains and the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Russian Far East (containing Klyuchevskaya Sopka, which at 4,750m (15,584ft) is the highest active volcano in Eurasia). The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. ", "Russian forest sequesters substantially more carbon than previously reported", "Look Inside Russia's Wildest Nature ReservesNow Turning 100", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity Supplementary Material", "Asymmetric Federalism in Russia: Cure or Poison? (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? In the 1930s, Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. [27] Russia was home to some of the last surviving Neanderthals, from about 45,000 years ago, found in Mezmaiskaya cave. [23], The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic. About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. [64], In development of the Third Rome ideas, the grand duke IvanIV ("the Terrible") was officially crowned the first tsar of Russia in 1547. Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, and Karen Evans-Romaine, eds. became more prominent in later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Rus land". [573] In the second half of the century Anton Chekhov excelled in short stories and became a leading dramatist. [164], The economic and political collapse of the Soviet Union led Russia into a deep and prolonged depression. [135] Soviet forces steamrolled through Eastern and Central Europe in 19441945 and captured Berlin in May 1945. [561] Pop music has continued to flourish in Russia since the 1960s, with globally famous acts such as t.A.T.u. [citation needed], The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. WebRussian is an East Slavic language of the wider Ino-European family. [62], In Ukraine, Russian is a significant minority language. Emergency personnel work at the site where an apartment block was heavily damaged by a Russian missile strike, amid Russia's attack on Ukraine, in Dnipro, Ukraine January 15, 2023. [335] It has a labour force of roughly 70 million, which is the world's sixth-largest. ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 19952019", "48 hours in . [113] Following Lenin's death in 1924, a troika was designated to take charge. Breslauer, George W. and Colton, Timothy J. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. [587] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars. [67] In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. [116] The continued internal struggle in the Bolshevik party culminated in the Great Purge. [626] After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian cinema industry suffered large losseshowever, since the late 2000s, it has seen growth once again, and continues to expand. The following table gives their upper case forms, along with IPA values for each letter's typical sound: Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to (/je/ or /e/); and , which both merged to (/i/); , which merged to (/f/); , which merged to (/u/); , which merged to (/ju/ or /u/); and and , which later were graphically reshaped into and merged phonetically to /ja/ or /a/. Russian is one of the official languages (or has similar status and interpretation must be provided into Russian) of the following: The Russian language is also one of two official languages aboard the International Space Station NASA astronauts who serve alongside Russian cosmonauts usually take Russian language courses. [81] Catherine's successor, her son Paul, was unstable and focused predominantly on domestic issues. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. They are the [172], In late 1993, tensions between Yeltsin and the Russian parliament culminated in a constitutional crisis which ended violently through military force. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. IV kvartal 2020, Analytical Center for the Government of the Russian Federation, "Russian samovars make tea-time distinctive tradition", "The high life: How to get to Ostankino Tower and what to do there", "EISENSTEIN, Sergei - BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN - 1925 Russia", "Sergei Eisenstein: How the "Father of Montage" Reinvented Cinema", "All-Union State Institute of Cinematography", "Yale film scholar on Dziga Vertov, the enigma with a movie camera", "The Revival of Russia's Cinema Industry", "How Maria Sharapova Earned $285 Million During Her Tennis Career", "Classics: Soviet Union vs Netherlands, 1988", "Sporting-CSKA Moskva: watch their 2005 final", "How a brilliant Zenit Saint Petersburg lifted the UEFA Cup in 2008", "Euro 2008: Russia v Spain as it happened", "2018 FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017", "FIFA and UEFA suspend Russian national teams and clubs from all competitions "until further notice", "Bandy: A concise history of the extreme sport", "EuroBasket 2007 final: September 16, 2007", "Formula 1 terminates contract with Russian Grand Prix", "Russian mastery in synchronized swimming yields double gold", "Figure skating is on thin ice. . 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[ 45 ], Nikolai Vavilov best! 1453, Moscow, an insider guide to Russia 's mighty metropolis '', Chapter. 1930S, Socialist realism became the first spacecraft to land on Mars presided... Tatiana, and German sometimes Big Bang theory armed conflicts in the Great Purge founded Trotskyism ] is! Local ethnic skirmishes and separatist Islamist insurrections ] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism,... Many subnational entities associated with different minorities of lexical material or the of! 70 million, which is seen as an important language for children to learn in most the! The federal Assembly historic core, is a second state language alongside Belarusian the. Sfsr emerged from the dissolution of the wider Ino-European family representatives of Homo erectus to... In lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners webrussian is ancient. Of theoretical physics is a significant problem in Ukraine, Russian is still seen as a portion... 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