By 1850, he had relocated his family again, this time to the Timbuctoo farming community in the Adirondack region of New York State. It should be noted that Cassius M. Clay, Jr., also known as Muhammad Ali, is the name sake of Clay. The family home soon became a safe house for fugitive enslaved people. Mary Ann Dupuy was sent to join her mother, and they worked as domestic slaves for the Duraldes for another decade. The group was made up of both abolitionists from the North, who wanted to end slavery, and slaveholders, who wanted to deport free blacks to reduce what they considered a threat to the stability of slave society. According to the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the top three electoral vote-getters advanced to the runoff in the House of Representatives. Her legal challenge to slavery preceded the more famous Dred Scott case by 27 years. His older brother Brutus J. Clay became a politician at the state and federal levels. Key to the raids success was accomplishing the objective namely the seizure of the armory before officials in Washington, D.C., could be informed and send in reinforcements. Copyright (c) Clay Family Society, Inc - site designed by John Clay - - powered by WordPress. Henry Clay helped establish and became president in 1816 of the American Colonization Society, a group that wanted to establish a colony for free American blacks in Africa; it founded Monrovia, in what became Liberia, for that purpose. Last modified 26 stycznia, 2010. He also married and started a family during that time. What became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre occurred on May 25, 1856, and resulted in the deaths of five pro-slavery settlers. Clay supported the Greek independence revolutionaries in 1824 who wished to separate from the Ottoman Empire, an early move into European affairs. However, Brown relented and let the train continuethe conductor ultimately notified authorities in Washington about what was happening at Harpers Ferry. Portrait of Henry Clay By 1824, the unparalleled success of the Democratic-Republican Party had driven all other parties from the field. However, Browns financial losses continued to mount, although he did remarry in 1833. Clay originally intended the resolutions to be voted on separately, but at the urging of southerners he agreed to the creation of a Committee of Thirteen to consider the measures. Clay started printing his paper in Cincinnati, Ohio a center for abolitionists. After serving time for hijacking trucks and a revenge slaying, Gotti wrested control of the Gambino crime family in 1985. "[2] A plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime but freed them in his will. [2] They moved to Ripley, a growing center of abolitionist activity, and had seven children together:[2], The parents ensured that all their children were educated. Even though the 1852 pro-slavery[43] novel Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is, by W.L.G. It is unknown if the brothers had planned what happened next, or if they had simply come to see Clay and were infuriated by his speech. His political opponents hired an enforcer, Sam Brown, to assassinate him publicly at a debate. Survivors included his daughters, Laura Clay and Mary Barr Clay, who were both women's rights activists.[20]. [37] Prohibition of the slave trade, not the ownership of slaves, in the District of Columbia. In 1872, he was one of the organizers of the liberal Republican Revolt. Parker risked his own freedom every time he went to Kentucky to help slaves to escape. John Brown. PBS.org. Major-General Cassius Marcellus Clay (October 19, 1810 July 22, 1903) was an American planter, politician, military officer and abolitionist who served as the United States ambassador to Russia from 1863 to 1869. Jackson vetoed a bill which would authorize federal funding for a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, because he felt that it did not constitute interstate commerce, as specified in the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Clay frequently traveled to political rallies speaking out against slavery. [18], First Senate appointment and eligibility[edit] Clay's influence in Kentucky state politics was such that in 1806 the Kentucky legislature elected him to the Senate seat of John Breckinridge. After he was executed, his wife, Mary Ann (Day) took John Brown's body to the family farm in upstate New York for burial. By the mid-19th century, Americas westward expansion and the read more, The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was a law that tried to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery. In 1869, Clay left the Republican party in large part due to the policies of President Grant. He said at the time, Here, before God, in the presence of these witnesses, from this time, I consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery!, WATCH: Escape to Freedom on HISTORY Vault. John Jay has a stronger claim on the title of abolitionist founding father than does Alexander Hamilton. They advocated a declaration of war against the British. "[33] Clay presided at the founding meeting of the ACS on December 21, 1816, at the Davis Hotel in Washington, D.C. Attendees included Robert Finley, James Monroe, Bushrod Washington, Andrew Jackson, Francis Scott Key, and Daniel Webster. But that's not the whole story. Once the Union troops arrived, Clay and his family headed for Russia. In his later years Clay became increasingly paranoid, turning his home into a fortress. Senators, along with Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun, Robert La Follette, and Robert A. When Clay was appointed Secretary of State, his maneuver was called a "corrupt bargain" by many of Jackson's supporters and tarnished Clay's reputation. Clay belonged to a generation for whom glory on the battlefieldwas the ultimate achievement. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election. In the meantime, Kansas held elections and voted to be a free state in 1858. Clay was born to a slave-owning family and grew up on the family plantation at White Hall. Henry and Lucretia Clay were great-grandparents of the suffragette Madeline McDowell Breckinridge. In 1876 he brought in a partner to manufacture threshers, and the company became Belchamber and Parker. Lincoln sent Clay to Kentucky and border states to test the mood for emancipation. Son of John Clay and Sarah Elizabeth Clay [37] Organization of the Utah and New Mexico territories without any slavery provisions, giving the right to determine whether to allow slavery to the territorial populations. Clay, seeing that there were no troops in Washington, D.C. at the start of the war, organized 300 volunteers to guard the White House and U.S. In addition to finding some business success, Brown quickly became immersed in the citys influential abolitionist community. Clay rejoined the Republican Part in 1884. Clay returned to Ashland with Aaron, Charles and Mary Ann Dupuy. Similar to the Grimke sisters and John Laurens, Cassius M. Clay was a man born into a slave holding family who believed that slavery was wrong and should be The farm and gravesite are owned by New York State and operated as the John Brown Farm State Historic Site, a National Historic Landmark. WebHistorical Marker #2076 in Bracken County commemorates abolitionist John Gregg Fee. Before he and his family could depart, the American Civil War started. This was a singular achievement for a 34-year-old House freshman. Henry Clay, Jr. enslaved a man named John Henry Clay, whose descendants gained notice in the 20th century. Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., grandson of John Henry Clay, named for the abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. It is widely believed his intention was to arm slaves for a rebellion, though he denied that. Despite the wound to his chest, Clay pulled out a Bowie knife and went after the attacker and reportedly cut the mans eyes out before pushing him over an embankment. In the ensuing fight, Clay fought off all six and, using his Bowie knife, killed Cyrus Turner.[9]. Edwin Porter Clay; Unknown Clay; Molly Clay and Abigail Belcher less Send us any questions of comments in a new Tab then close it. He served three different terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and was also Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829. He was the son of a slave mother and white father. It is in Springfield that many historians believe Brown became a radical abolitionist. A group of men, led by Owen Brown, was able to kidnap Washington, while the rest of the men, with John Brown at the lead, began a raid on Harpers Ferry to seize both weapons and pro-slavery leaders in the town. Because of the unusually large number of candidates receiving electoral votes, no candidate secured a majority of votes in the electoral college. WebIts editor, Cassius Marcellus Clay, was an outspoken abolitionist from the South (a Whig from Kentucky). He gouged out Brown's eye. John Browns Harpers Ferry Raid. Battlefields.org. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. [2] He earned the money through his work in two of Mobile's iron foundries and occasional odd jobs. [6] The father left Henry and his brothers two slaves each, and his wife 18 slaves and 464 acres (188 ha) of land. One of the most important points of contention between the two men was over the Maysville Road. A baggage handler at the towns train station was shot in the back and killed when he refused the orders of Browns men. In 1868, Republican Oscar Dunn, the first Black lieutenant governor ever elected, served as acting governor of Louisiana when Gov. A few days after the wedding, Clay returned to Lexington to confront Declarey. Before the fateful night at Fords read more, Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. Initially, Browns business ventures were very successful, but by the 1830s his finances took a turn for the worse. Henry was the seventh of nine children of the Reverend John Clay and Elizabeth (ne Hudson) Clay. In November 1972, Joe Biden was elected to the Senate at the age of 29, but he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing-in ceremony for incoming senators in January 1973. His father, Patrick Calhoun, fought in the So who was the original Cassius Clay? While at Yale, he heard abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison speak, and his lecture inspired Clay to join the anti-slavery movement. He also became more familiar with the so-called mercantile class of wealthy entrepreneurs and their often ruthless business practices. While this is, of course, impossible to verify, the mere existence of the rumor speaks to both the sheer number of his duels and his skill at surviving them. 18111847 Henry Clay, Jr., Lt. Col. in the Second Kentucky Regiment, killed in the Parker managed the company, which manufactured engines, Dorsey's patent reaper and mower, and sugar mill. They were cousins of both Kentucky politician Henry Clay and Alabama governor Clement Comer Clay. To persuade voters in the western states to support the tariff, Clay advocated federal government support for internal improvements to infrastructure, principally roads and canals. During the Civil War, he recruited a few hundred slaves for the Union Army. [10] After Clay was employed as Wythe's amanuensis for four years, the chancellor took an active interest in Clay's future; he arranged a position for him with the Virginia attorney general, Robert Brooke. [8], Education[edit] His stepfather secured Clay employment in the office of the Virginia Court of Chancery, where the youth displayed an aptitude for law. Although they dissolved the partnership two years later, Parker continued to grow his business, adding a blacksmith shop and machine shop. Although his first congregation numbered Clay left the Republican Party in 1869. He came from a large political family which included his father and his brother, Brutus, entering politics. Two members voted against the measure. Browns first militant actions as part of the abolitionist movement didnt occur until 1855. The next morning, Lee attempted to get Brown to surrender, but the latter refused. May 1781 - Hanover Court, Comt De Montgomery, Pennsylvanie, tats-Unis, Chesterfield County, Province of Virginia, Hanover, Hanover County, Virginia, United States, Henry Clay, US Speaker of the House, Senator, Sec'y of State. Web(born: Sept. 9, 1816 - died: Jan. 11, 1901 (see findagrave.com )) John Gregg Fee was the leading abolitionist in Kentucky and the southern part of the country. Between 1821 and 1826, the U.S. recognized all the new countries, except Uruguay (whose independence was debated and recognized only later). In November, a jury found Brown guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. WebJohn P. Parker (1827 January 30, 1900) was an American abolitionist, inventor, iron moulder and industrialist. The main issue was the policy of continuing the Second Bank of the United States. Henry Watkins moved the family to Richmond, Virginia. The action of Alexander II was confirmed in 1904 by Wharton Barker of Pennsylvania, who in 1878 was the financial agent in the United States of the Russian government. There is no gravestone and there never was. For the boxer who was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., see, "Clay, Cassius Marcellus", by Frank L. Klement, in, "The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Clarke-street to Claytee", The Worst-Case Scenario Survival Handbook, Webster G. Tarpley: Speech for 150th Anniversary of Russian Fleets of 1863, "American Banker Wharton Barker's First-Person Account Confirms: Russian Tsar Alexander II Was Ready for War with Britain and France in 18621863 to Defend Lincoln and the Union", Newspaper article, Death Has Gripped Gen. Cassius Clay, "Muhammad Ali Never Knew Grandfather Was Jailed for 25-Cent Murder", "From the Vietnam war to Islam the key chapters in Alis life", "History website, Muhammad Ali: "Cassius Clay is my slave name", https://news.yale.edu/2016/06/09/muhammad-ali-originally-named-ardent-abolitionist-and-yale-alumnus-cassius-clay, https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-heritage, Original Letters: Abraham Lincoln to Cassius Marcellus Clay, 1860, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)&oldid=1129188166, Republican Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Ambassadors of the United States to Russia, 19th-century American newspaper publishers (people), American military personnel of the MexicanAmerican War, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2014, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Being a prominent abolitionist and U.S. ambassador to Russia, Sarah "Sallie" Lewis Clay Bennett (18411935), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18431843), Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. (18451857), This page was last edited on 24 December 2022, at 01:10. He came from a large political [3], Clay served in the MexicanAmerican War as a captain with the 1st Kentucky Cavalry from 1846 to 1847. Despite having been shot in the chest, Clay tackled Brown, and with his Bowie knife removed Brown's nose and one eye and possibly an ear before he threw Brown over an embankment. 1856, became a principal of a school in Illinois; he later taught in St. Louis. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, read more, John Jay was an American statesman and Founding Father who served the United States in numerous government offices, including the Supreme Court where he served as the first chief justice.The New York native drafted the states first constitution in 1777, and was chosen read more, The grandson of Italian immigrants, John Gotti (1940-2002) was born in the Bronx, N.Y., and grew up in a life of organized crime. Brother of Edward C. Clay In addition to his political activism, Clay founded an anti-slavery newspaper, theTrue American,in Kentucky, which would have been an incredibly bold and provocative move at the time. A colleague of Clayonce said of him,"He would fight the wind did it blow from the South side when he wanted it to blow from the North.". Clay was physically exhausted; the tuberculosis that would eventually kill him began to take its toll. Clay'sactions wereso brutal that he wasn't even charged with assault; he was charged with mayhem. Clay's American System ran into strong opposition from President Jackson's administration. In 1835, Clay was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives where he served three consecutive terms. At one point, a captain managed to escape the prison and the guards were threatening to slay all the prisoners as retribution. Clay lost by a wide margin to the highly popular Jackson (55% to 37%). Lincoln wholeheartedly supported Clay's economic programs. Clay opposed annexing Texas on the grounds that it would once again bring the issue of slavery to the forefront of the nation's political dialog and would draw the ire of Mexico, from which Texas had declared its independence in 1836. They took his Bowie knife and stabbed him with it several times, no doubt thinking that was enough to do the job. Husband of Elizabeth Watkins By then, two of his sons had started families of their own, in the western territory that eventually became the state of Kansas. In 1849, Clay was giving a speech against slavery when he was attacked by six brothers with the last name Turner. Clay was a very dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. The militia attack was able to free several of Browns captives, although eight of the railroad men died in the fighting. [21][22] This Cassius Clay gave his own son the same name, Cassius M. Clay, Jr., a world heavyweight champion boxer who gained international renown and changed his name to Muhammad Ali after his conversion to Islam. The abolitionist was undaunted, however, and Brown still advocated for the movement, traveling all over the country to raise money and obtain weapons for the cause. The Glory and Downfall of Ulysses S. Grant, The Confederacy's Response to Lincoln's End, Duel-Happy Abolitionist Cassius Clay Was The Most Metal Politician In American History. It had the opposite effect. He was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names "Henry of the West" and "The Western Star. [2], The "Parker Pulverizer" was a reference to "a 'clod-smashing machine' which Parker first invented while yet in Mobile.". John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States, was a staunch opponent of slavery. [3], Clay was elected to three terms in the Kentucky House of Representatives,[7] but he lost support among Kentuckian voters as he promoted abolition. John Clay was buried near his home in Hanover County, Virgina in an unmarked grave. [2][3] Parker was one of the few blacks to patent an invention before 1900. He hoped the attack would help lay the groundwork for a revolt, but historians have called the raid a dress rehearsal for the Civil War. Cassius Clay was an early Southern planter who became a prominent anti-slavery crusader. However, the younger Brown was shot by the militia and mortally wounded. They targeted a group of pro-slavery settlers called the Pottawatomie Rifles. The anti-abolitionist movement had been sending Clay death threats for years, and attempts had been made on his life in the past, but in 1843, his abolitionist crusading became too much for them. Having finished fourth, Clay was eliminated from contention; the top three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams and William H. Crawford. Clay's plan to end sectionalism Lecompton Fraud 5. surrender began Civil War American Plan 6. won 1860 Presidential election Abraham Lincoln 7. proslavery constitution in Kansas Dred Scott With Tubman, whom he called General Tubman, Brown began planning an attack on slaveholders, as well as a United States military armory, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), using armed freed enslaved people. Alis grandfather, named his son after Clay and Alis father carried the name on. In 1833, Clay was studying law at Transylvania University in Lexington and wooing a woman named Mary Jane Warfield. At this time, he also met Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, activists and abolitionists both, and they became important people in Browns life, reinforcing much of his ideology. Clay granted Charles Dupuy his freedom in 1844. Taft. [3], Abraham Lincoln, the Whig leader in Illinois, was a great admirer of Clay, saying he was "my ideal of a great man." [31], Decatur House in Washington, DC, a National Historic Landmark and museum on Lafayette Square near the White House, has exhibits on urban slavery and Charlotte Dupuy's freedom suit against Henry Clay.[34]. He was bombastic and charismatic, but could also be vicious and cruel. John Brown was a leading figure in the abolitionist movement in the pre-Civil War United States. Clay was briefly a candidate for the vice presidency at the 1860 Republican National Convention,[3] but lost the nomination to Hannibal Hamlin. WebThough Clay was a famed abolitionist, he leased enslaved people to work his farm from his brother Brutus and others. In 1843, Clay was at a political debate and he was struck by an assassins bullet. [34], In 1840 Henry Clay finally gave Charlotte and her daughter Mary Ann Dupuy their freedom. Clay came to own town lots and the Kentucky Hotel. In 1833, Clay helped to broker a deal in Congress to lower the tariff gradually. She was imprisoned in Alexandria, Virginia, before Clay arranged for her transport to New Orleans, where he placed her with his daughter and son-in-law Martin Duralde. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport, Rhode Island. This bold move had the intended effect and cemented Ali as a crusader for equality and African American rights, but ironically, the name Cassius Clay was taken from a man who had fought for abolition his entire life. [18] At the 1890 Kentucky Constitutional Convention, Clay was elected by the members as the Convention's President. Shortly after reinforcing his office, an angry mob of 60 men broke in and destroyed or stole his printing equipment. There also was a growing abolitionist movement in Ohio, led primarily by the Society of Friends. John Caldwell Calhoun was born into a large Scots-Irish family on a plantation in rural South Carolina on March 18, 1782. 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