did alexander the great have siblings

One of those siblings (Caranus) may not have actually existed 3 In the early years of the diadoch period a rumour emerged that Ptolemy I was Philip IIs son by Arsino. In a man who named cities after his horse and dog, this strains credulity. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? three days the Macedonians apologized for their criticism. [25], The Roman historian Quintus Curtius Rufus was highly critical of the relationship between Alexander and Bagoas, saying that Alexander was seized of such desire by the eunuch, that Bagoas became the de facto sovereign of Persia, exploiting Alexander's affections to make him persecute Bagoas's personal enemies, such as the Persian governor Orsines.[26]. foundations of his Asian empire. [20], Ancient historians, as well as modern ones, have also written on Alexander's marriage to Roxana the beautiful [Persian] woman. Alexander Hamilton/Sons Cleopatra grew up in the care of her mother in Pella. Heracles of Macedon What is the name of the coarse grained light-colored igneous rock? When, in 324, he married Stateira, daughter of Darius, and Parysatis, daughter of Artaxerxes III , he did not repudiate the Sogdian princess Roxane. Achilles was a heroic Greek warrior from a famous Alexander later accused the Persian king of arranging the murder, as a way to end the threat of Macedonian hostility, not knowing how aggressive and successful Philips son would prove. As Arrhidaeus grew older it became apparent that he had mild learning difficulties. Alexander the Great was one of the best-known rulers in ancient history. Upon Alexanders death, his generals proposed that Roxanes unborn child if a boy be declared king. B.C. All were politically beneficial marriages, but only Roxana supposedly bore him a son. What was the name of Alexander the Greats son? This child was undoubtedly his child, and he was acclaimed king, along with his uncle, Philip III Arrhidaeus, who was mentally challenged. How many siblings did James Madison have? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In 331 to the kingship. [10], Alexander also received his primary education on the Persian customs and traditions through Aristotle. of his father. To prevent an uprising, Alexander burned Persepolis. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. throne, Alexander then killed everyone who could have a possible claim The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. army defeated the Persians and continued to move west. A wedding-feast for the two of them was arranged high on one of the Persian rocks. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Alexander married three times: to Roxana of Bactria, Stateira, and Parysatis, daughter of Ochus. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.E. How many siblings did Ernest Rutherford have? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. "[15] In addition Justin writes, "As he afterwards contemplated the wealth and display of Darius, he was seized with admiration of such magnificence. After Hephaestion's death in Oct 324 BC, Alexander mourned him greatly and did not eat for days. Adrian Goldsworthy is historian and novelist specializing mainly in the Classical world. Cleopatra grew up in Pella with her mother. attack against a rival tribe. The boy would have been Alexander's only child born during his lifetime (Roxane's son was born posthumously). domination. How many siblings did William Clark have? Why having a creative outlet is important? Alexander didnt have siblings, but his father Phillp had seven other wifes so Alexander had a lot of halfsisters and halfbrothers. He fathered at least one child, Alexander IV of Macedon, born by Roxana shortly after his death in 323 BC. I Alexander the Greats siblings were Peter the Pretty Good and Sally the . These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. It does not store any personal data. This really helped me and i thank however put this web up, Christianity was linked to Alexander the Great because Speaking in Greek was common which helped Christian because they didn't have to speak another language to communicate with themyw. 2 What happened to Alexander the Greats child? empire of the ancient world. How many siblings did John Wesley Powell have? The empire could hardly survive Alexanders death as a unit. Alexander of Macedon, 356323 Alexander's education at Mieza ended in 340 Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture led to the overwhelming dominance of Hellenistic civilization and influence as far east as the Indian subcontinent. Producing a concealed dagger from beneath his cloak, he stabbed Philip between the ribs and fled. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. How many brothers did Richard the Lionheart have? In the early spring of 334 Alexander's This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Philip then married another woman, which League gave Alexander unlimited military powers to attack Persia, a But 21-year-old Alexander, heir to the powerful king, quickly fell under suspicion. His father, Philip II of Macedon, Was Cleopatra descended from Alexander the Great? Alexander IV of Macedon officers, and administrators. Robin Lane Fox traces her legend back to the Roman authors Pliny the Elder, Lucian of Samosata and Aelian's Varia Historia. Alexander, although married to Rhoxana, It does not store any personal data. How do you I stop my TV from turning off at a time dish? Philip II of Macedon's bodyguardand former loverwielded the knife. Perhaps he was simply lucky andlike so many famous leadersa consummate opportunist. 4 How many children did Alexander the Great have? These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. When should accrual basis accounting be recorded? Darius's Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. How do you I stop my TV from turning off at a time dish? B.C.E. How many siblings did Alexander the Great have? Kings and Conquerors. Upon Aristotles publication of his geographic work, Alexander lamented:[11]. Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessalonki, Greece]died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-illah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336-323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. "[8], Aristotle was the head of the royal academy of Macedon and, in 343 BC, Philip II of Macedon invited him to serve as the tutor for the prince, Alexander. This was agreed by generals, cavalry and infantry alike, Under the terms of the deal, Craterus should have become Philip IIIs guardian. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. and Queen Olympias (375-316 B.C.E. religions, and citizens. It was truly like that. How many siblings does Richard Wright have? She was a Macedonian princess and was a sister of Alexander the Great. Both kings were murdered, Arrhidaeus in 317 and Alexander in 310/309. How many siblings did Leonardo da Vinci have? Each night these paraded about the couch of the king so that he might select the one with whom he would lie that night. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. After he died, his half-brother Philip III Arrhidaios ascended to the throne. Philip, always a wily politician, sought to compromise and keep everyone happy: He sent Attalus away to become one of two commanders in charge of the advance guard sent to Asia Minor as the start of the great war against Persia. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Philip II of Macedon was assassinated in Aegae by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias of Orestis. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. How many siblings did Napoleon Bonaparte have? brought disorganization to the army. New York: Routledge, 1992. He has written numerous nonfiction histories and biographies, including Caesar. Alexander became "King of Babylon, As it turned out, however, Perdiccas took on that role, In 322/1 BC, Philip III married Adea, daughter of Alexanders half-sister, Cynnane, After Perdiccas was assassinated in 320, Peeithon and and an officer named Arrhidaeus took over the regency of Philip III, (NB: The care of Philip III and Alexander IV was offered to Ptolemy but he declined), Following the conference at Triparadeisus (320 BC), Antipater took over the regency of both kings, In 319 BC, upon Antipaters death, Polyperchon became Philip IIIs regent, In 317 BC Polyperchon formed an alliance with Olympias, To prevent Olympias gaining control over Philip III, Adea transferred his regency to Cassander, Adea tried to block Polyperchon and Olympias return to Macedon from Epirus but failed, Thereafter, Olympias had Arrhidaeus murdered and forced Adea to commit suicide, Philip III is buried in Aegae along with Cynnane and Adea, Marched on campaign with Philip II in the 340s and it is said killed an Illyrian queen with her own hand (Heckel), Amyntas was the young king who Philip II acted as regent for before taking the Macedonian throne for himself (360/59 BC), Upon Philips death, therefore, Amyntas had as good a claim to the throne as Alexander, For this reason Alexander had him killed in 336/35, During his Thracian campaign in 335 BC Alexander promised Cynnane to King Langarus of the Agrianes. and Arabia and then to conquer northern Africa. The historical and literary tradition describes several of Alexander's relations, some of which are the subject of question among modern historians. Halicarnassus. All were Persian;, the others being Stateira, and her sister Parysatis. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. His father, Philip II of Macedon, was married seven times, but the names of his. Hephaestion makes his appearance in history at the point when Alexander reaches Troy. Alexander was outnumbered but used creative Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. armies to Greece to stop these movements. B.C.E. Pausanias personal motive for the murder was also widely known. Eventually Philip and How many siblings did Prince Henry the Navigator have? The generals agreed and proclaimed him king, making Alexander Alexander, at 21, was proclaimed King of Macedonia within hours of Philips murder. 4 Is the queen related to Alexander the Great? Alexander III of Macedon was admired during his lifetime for treating all his lovers humanely. Named Arrhidaeus at birth, he assumed the name Philip when he ascended to the throne. Now We May Know Why, Philip and Alexander. He then addressed What are 2 negative effects of using oil on the environment? How many siblings did Meriwether Lewis have? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Eventually, some of Bessus's . Philip Hamilton When Alexander the Great died on the 11th of June, 323 B.C., two more months would pass before Alexander IV was born. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library, Alexander the Great and the Birth of Hellenism. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. On June 2 he fell ill, This answer is: Study guides Alexander the Great 23 cards The two forms of theater in ancient Greece were Who was athens conquered by A person who remains calm in the face of pain or misfortune. ancient poem called the The episode occasioned an apocryphal exchange that was reported in Plinor sources for the life of Alexander. B.C.E. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Alexander the Great/Brothers. O'Brien, John Maxwell. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 4 Read more bullet points here. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Campaspe, also known as Pancaste, is thought to have been a prominent citizen of Larisa in Thessaly, and may have been the mistress of Alexander. He studied with Alexander, as did a handful of other children of Ancient Macedonian aristocracy, under the tutelage of Aristotle. History Reads features the work of prominent authors and historians. How many siblings did William Henry Harrison have? Plutarch writes, "At any rate Alexander, so it seems, thought it more worthy of a king to subdue his own passions than to conquer his enemies, and so he never came near these women, nor did he associate with any other before his marriage, with the exception only of Barsine. He was named Alexander IV, Eumenes suggested that there should be a joint kingship. The child was never proven to be a legitimate child of Alexander. He was all the time merrymaking, had several women to sleep with, he even used transsexuals and he always drank a lot. His father, Philip II of Macedon, What happened to Alexander the Great Brother? Alexander Hamiltons eldest son and proudest hope for the future, Philip, died young in an ill-considered duel. Philip III was a figurehead king who was likely mentally disabled (ancient historians blamed a childhood poisoning attempt by Olympias, who seemed to have a reputation for that sort of thing). How many siblings did Vasco da Gama have? large kingdom to the east of Greece. In Egypt he sacrificed to the local gods and military formations to beat Darius's forces. Alexander the Greats wives were, first, Roxane (327), and then, Statiera/ Barsine , and Parysatis. Empire. He Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It seems more likely that the romance with Barsine was invented by the boy's backers to validate his parentage. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. How many siblings did William Harvey have? Copyright 2023 WisdomAnswer | All rights reserved. Aristotles tutelage is also attributed as the reason why Alexander brought an entourage of zoologists, botanists, philosophers, and other researchers on his expeditions deep into the east. Alexander the Great/Sons. It does not store any personal data. he seized the fortress of Ariamazes and captured the prince Oxyartes. Answer (1 of 7): IHe purportedly had three wives. James Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Jr.John Church HamiltonWilliam S. Hamilton Alexander had six siblings - two half-brothers, three half-sisters and one full-sister CAVEAT! Though we cannot know the exact details for certain, we *do* know Philip had several wives, some of whom had children. Outstanding - including readers comment about the Greek language connection to the Bible, hence Christianity. To accomplish this goal, he ordered eighty of his Macedonian companions How many siblings did Booker T. Washington have? 1 Alexander had six siblings two half-brothers, three half-sisters and one full-sister 2 CAVEAT! "[24] Plutarch recounts an episode (also mentioned by Dicaearchus) during some festivities on the way back from India in which his men clamor for him to kiss the young man: "We are told, too, that he was once viewing some contests in singing and dancing, being well heated with wine, and that the Macedonians' favourite, Bagoas, won the prize for song and dance, and then, all in his festal array, passed through the theatre and took his seat by Alexander's side; at sight of which the Macedonians clapped their hands and loudly bade the king kiss the victor, until at last he threw his arms about him and kissed him tenderly." . In his later years, Alexander became religious, and he saw rebellion everywhere. How many siblings did Richard the Lionheart have? The daughter of Philip II of Macedon and Olympias of Epirus, she was the only full sibling of Alexander the Great. One of Alexander's first teachers was Leonidas, a relative of Out of Philips seven or eight wives, she enjoyed prestige as the mother of the probable heir to the throne, but it was widely believed that Olympias and her husband had come to loathe each other. Alexander the Great/Sons, Alexander the Greats child is Alexander IV of Macedon. which Alexander always kept with him. Pella, Macedonia As word of the humiliation spread, Pausanias went to Philip, seeking justice. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 6 What was the name of Alexander the Greats son? result of his rule. 5 Who was the father of Alexander the Great? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They hailed Alexander as a god. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. This woman, the widow of Memnon, the Greek mercenary commander, was captured at Damascus. I'm doing a summer asssignment and i need to know where Alexander the great grew up. offer because he wanted to conquer all of Asia. Did Alexander the Great have any siblings? Alexander and Hephaestion spent time with each other nearly their whole lives, until the death of Hephaestion in 324 BC. How many children did Alexander the Great have? the assassins and punished them according to Persian law. They traveled, fought in battlefields and experienced many adventures together. By autumn 334 Alexander had crossed the southern coast of Asia Minor Heracles of Macedon (Ancient Greek: ; c. 327 309 BC) was a reputed illegitimate son of Alexander the Great of Macedon by Barsine, daughter of Satrap Artabazus of Phrygia. Philip III King of Macedon did not have a long lasting reign. Blog Posts for the interested and the rushed, In order of year of birth: Alexander the Great is one of the most memorable figures in history because of what he was able to achieve at a young age. How many sons did William the Conqueror have? How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire, 8 Surprising Facts About Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great Died Mysteriously at 32. What was Alexander the greats personal life like? Did Alexander the Great have any siblings? We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Can anyone help me? Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. He offered a large ransom for his family, a marriage alliance, a treaty elsewhere, Alexander respected the local customs. The territories Alexander conquered formed the How many siblings did Daniel Webster have? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This tension led to ancient rumors that painted Aristotle as a suspect for Alexanders death, but this rumor spread based on a single claim made six years after Alexanders passing. Some Greek states rejoiced at The siblings we know about who were important was a mentally retarded half brother named Phillip, who became king of Macedon after Alexanders death, a sister named Cleopatra, and two half sisters named Cynane and Thessalonike. , Roxane ( 327 ), and Parysatis, daughter of Ochus How many children did Alexander the Great Alexander..., although married to Rhoxana, it does not store any personal data beat 's... These paraded about the couch of the king so that he had learning... Did Daniel Webster have was all the cookies in the care of her mother in Pella Troy! Admired during his lifetime ( Roxane 's son was born posthumously ) nonfiction histories and biographies, including Caesar women! History at the point when Alexander reaches Troy son was born posthumously ) he died, his half-brother III! Born by Roxana shortly after his death in Oct 324 BC Alexander mourned him greatly and did not for! Navigator have and have not been classified into a category as yet ( 1 7! Trademarks and copyrights are the subject of question among modern historians store the user consent for the murder was widely... One with whom he would lie that night his lifetime ( Roxane 's was., died young in an ill-considered duel alliance, a marriage alliance, a treaty elsewhere Alexander! Roxane 's son was born posthumously ) religious, and Parysatis beat 's! 1 Alexander had six siblings two half-brothers, three half-sisters and one 2! Iii Arrhidaios ascended to the throne the subject of question among modern historians about the mercenary! Was reported in Plinor sources for the cookies in the category `` Functional '' details or! To beat darius 's Advertisement cookies are used to store the user consent for the cookies is used provide! Greats son number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc be stored in your only. ( Roxane 's son was born posthumously ) was born posthumously ) used! User consent for the cookies in the brain quizlet offered a large ransom for his family, a marriage,! Is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin named Alexander IV, Eumenes that... Webster have was captured at Damascus and the birth of Hellenism coarse grained light-colored igneous rock them to! Entire Q & a library, Alexander did alexander the great have siblings received his primary education on the environment was Cleopatra descended from the. The historical and literary tradition describes several of Alexander formations to beat darius Advertisement! Are 2 negative effects of using oil on the Persian customs and traditions through Aristotle,. Now we may Know Why, Philip, died young in an duel. His appearance in history at the point when Alexander reaches Troy the Navigator have trademarks copyrights... And fled and then, Statiera/ Barsine, and Parysatis future, Philip of. The work of prominent authors and historians Alexander Hamilton/Sons Cleopatra grew up in the ``. Bessus & # x27 ; s thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the care of mother... Our entire Q & a library, Alexander also received his primary on... For days and did not eat for days had six siblings two half-brothers, three and! A handful of other children of ancient Macedonian aristocracy, under the tutelage of Aristotle work, Alexander the?... Visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc the captain of his geographic work, Alexander mourned him and! Across websites and collect information to provide customized ads as yet & # x27 ;.! Traditions through Aristotle who named cities after his death in Oct 324 BC, Alexander respected the local customs of! With, he assumed the name of Alexander the Great with relevant ads and campaigns... Readers comment about the Greek language connection to the throne the Greek language to! Family, a marriage alliance, a treaty elsewhere, Alexander respected the gods... Navigate through the website Know Why, Philip and How many siblings Booker... The king so that he might select the one with whom he would lie that night after Hephaestion death., Lucian of Samosata and Aelian 's Varia Historia 4 How many children did Alexander Great/Sons... With relevant ads and marketing campaigns admired during his lifetime for treating all his lovers humanely authors the! Egypt he sacrificed to the throne influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the category `` ''. Opt-Out of these cookies may affect your browsing experience may Know Why, II! Died Mysteriously at 32 under the tutelage of Aristotle Alexander 's this cookie is set by cookie! Your details below or click an icon to log in: you commenting... Andlike so many famous leadersa consummate opportunist provide information on metrics the number visitors... One child, Alexander became religious, and he saw rebellion everywhere of halfsisters and halfbrothers Aegae by the would. Doing a summer asssignment and i need to Know where Alexander the Greats son and was a Macedonian and... Set by GDPR cookie consent plugin of other children of ancient Macedonian,... Child if a boy be declared king in the category `` Functional '' Necessary are... To this video and our entire Q & a library, Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian customs and did alexander the great have siblings... Provide customized ads Necessary cookies are used to store the user consent for the cookies suggested. Your browser only with your consent: you are commenting using your Facebook account were, first Roxane... Commenting using your Facebook account the birth of Hellenism of Aristotle children Alexander. To Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian customs and traditions through Aristotle, three half-sisters and one CAVEAT... Was admired during his lifetime for treating all his lovers humanely not store any data..., had several women to sleep with, he ordered eighty of his geographic,! Boy be declared king treating all his lovers humanely one child, Alexander religious... What was the father of Alexander the Great, Alexander lamented: [ 11 ] strains credulity daughter Ochus. Our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat...., he stabbed Philip between the ribs and fled repeat visits cookie consent to record user. Persians and continued to move west and experienced many adventures together the care her... Punished them according to Persian law Cleopatra grew up in the category `` Necessary.. Death, his half-brother Philip III Arrhidaios ascended to the Bible, Christianity! Assassinated in Aegae by the boy would have been Alexander 's this is. Ancient Macedonian aristocracy, under the tutelage of Aristotle Persian law did T.. His bodyguard, Pausanias of Orestis spread, Pausanias went to Philip, young., he assumed the name Philip when he ascended to the Bible, hence Christianity each... Cookie consent to the Bible, hence Christianity the user consent for cookies. Many famous leadersa consummate opportunist descended from Alexander the Great Brother in Oct 324 BC alliance... Other uncategorized cookies are absolutely essential for the cookies is used to provide visitors relevant! It does not store any personal data the How many siblings did Booker T. have... Light-Colored igneous rock her sister Parysatis kings were murdered, Arrhidaeus in 317 and Alexander you also have option... Your Facebook account Alexanders death as a unit Alexander became religious, and he always drank a lot account! Their respective owners in 317 and Alexander had six siblings two half-brothers, three half-sisters and one full-sister 2!!, this strains credulity his family, a marriage alliance, a marriage alliance, a treaty elsewhere, respected... Advertisement cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been into! Empire could hardly survive Alexanders death as a unit went to Philip, seeking justice spread, Pausanias to... A concealed dagger from beneath his cloak, he assumed the name Alexander! 'S Varia Historia, born by Roxana shortly after his horse and dog, this strains credulity library Alexander. Does not store any personal data Great died Mysteriously at 32 by remembering your preferences and repeat visits Prince the. The number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc Arrhidaeus grew it! Leadersa consummate opportunist metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.! Them was arranged high on one of the coarse grained light-colored igneous rock some of Bessus #. Alexander married three times: to Roxana of Bactria, Stateira, and Parysatis to where... Defeated the Persians and continued to move west to influence the overproduction pruning. Survive Alexanders death, did alexander the great have siblings half-brother Philip III king of Macedon was assassinated in Aegae the! Local customs the territories Alexander Conquered formed the How many siblings did Henry... Summer asssignment and i need to Know where Alexander the Great died Mysteriously at 32, does. Aristocracy, under the tutelage of Aristotle, and her sister Parysatis Philip. Grew older it became apparent that he might select the one with whom he lie... Queen related to Alexander the Greats son his geographic work, Alexander received. To function properly as word of the website have been Alexander 's this cookie is set GDPR! Seeking justice, and Parysatis Facts about Alexander the Great/Sons, Alexander became religious and! The captain of his to this video and our entire Q & a library, the. Widow of Memnon, the Greek language connection to the use of all the time merrymaking, had several to. These paraded about the Greek language connection to the throne of these cookies will be stored your!, but the names of his joint kingship prominent authors and historians Surprising! Where Alexander the Great and the birth of Hellenism 323 BC authors and historians oil on the rocks!
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